Corrections in the 21st Century

BRIEF CONTENTS Part 1: INTRODUCTION TO CORRECTIONS Chapter 1: Corrections: An Overview Chapter 2: Punishments: A Brief History Chapter 3: Sentencing: To Punish or to Reform? Part 2: COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS Chapter 4: Diversion and Probation: How Most Offenders Are Punished Chapter 5: Intermediate Sanctions: Between Probation and Incarceration Part 3: INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS Chapter 6: Jails: Way Stations along the Justice Highway Chapter 7: Prisons Today: Change Stations or Warehouses? Chapter 8: Parole: Early Release and Reentry Part 4: THE PRISON WORLD Chapter 9: The Staff World: Managing the Prison Population Chapter 10: The Inmate World: Living Behind Bars Chapter 11: The Legal World: Prisoners' Rights Chapter 12: Special Prison Populations: The Elderly, HIV/AIDS, and the Mentally Challenged Part 5: ISSUES IN CORRECTIONS Chapter 13: Prison Issues and Concerns: Security, Privatization, Technology, and Accreditation Chapter 14: The Victim: Helping Those in Need Chapter 15: Death: The Ultimate Sanction Chapter 16: Juvenile Corrections: End of an Era? Chapter 17: Professionalism in Corrections Appendix: Careers in Corrections Endnotes Glossary Credits Case Index Author/Subject Index DETAILED CONTENTS Boxed Features Preface A Guided Tour PART 1. INTRODUCTION TO CORRECTIONS CHAPTER 1. Corrections: An Overview The Corrections Explosion Historical Roots of the Corrections Explosion Correctional Employment Crime and Corrections Measuring Crime The Crime Funnel Corrections and the Criminal Justice System Entering the Correctional System Prosecution and Pretrial Procedure Judicial Procedures Sentencing and Sanctions The Correctional Subsystem Professionalism in Corrections Standards and Training Basic Skills and Knowledge Standard-Setting Organizations Education Social Diversity in Corrections CHAPTER 2. Punishments: A Brief History Punishments in Ancient Times Ancient Greece Ancient Israel Early Rome Physical Punishments Flogging Branding Mutilation Instant Death Lingering Death The Role of Torture Exile and Transportation Public Humiliation Confinement Incarceration as Punishment The House of Correction (15501700) The Emergence of the Prison The Reformers William Penn John Howard Cesare Beccaria Jeremy Bentham Sir Samuel Romilly Sir Robert Peel Elizabeth Fry Mary Belle Harris CHAPTER 3. Sentencing: To Punish or to Reform? Sentencing: Philosophy and Goals Philosophy of Criminal Sentencing The Goals of Sentencing Sentencing Options and Types of Sentences Options Types of Sentences Sentencing Models Indeterminate Sentencing Determinate Sentencing Guideline Sentencing Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Three-Strikes ModelsWashington and California Impact on Local Courts and Jails Impact on State Prison Systems Issues in Sentencing Proportionality Equity Social Debt Truth in Sentencing Broader Issues PART 2. COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS CHAPTER 4. Diversion and Probation: How Most Offenders Are Punished Overview of Diversion and Probation Diversion Rationales for Diversion The Process of Diversion Diversion Policy Issues Probation Reasons for and Goals of Probation History of Probation Characteristics of Adults on Probation Who Administers Probation? Does Probation Work? What Probation Officers Do Case Investigation Supervision CHAPTER 5. Intermediate Sanctions: Between Probation and Incarceration Intermediate Sanctions Value of Intermediate Sanctions Varieties of Intermediate Sanctions Policy-Centered Approach to Developing Intermediate Sanctions[read more]